What is an inverter?
Table of Contents
What is a power inverter?
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).
It plays a crucial role in various applications, especially where there’s a need to convert power from batteries or solar panels (which are typically DC) into usable AC power for standard electrical equipment.
Let’s explore its uses in commercial and industrial environments:
Functionality of an Inverter
- DC to AC Conversion: The primary function of an inverter is to change DC power (like that from a battery or solar panel) into AC power, which is what most commercial electrical equipment uses.
- Voltage Regulation: Modern inverters not only convert power but also regulate voltage, ensuring a steady and safe power supply to connected devices.
Applications of Inverters in Commercial and Industrial Settings
Solar Power Systems
- Solar Panels to Power Grid: In solar installations, inverters are essential for converting the DC power generated by solar panels into AC power that can be fed into the commercial power grid or used directly by the premises.
- Off-grid Systems: In remote or standalone solar setups, inverters provide the necessary AC power to run standard electrical appliances.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
- Emergency Power Backup: Inverters are integral to UPS systems, ensuring that in the event of a power outage, critical systems can continue operating. They convert the DC power from backup batteries into AC power that is required for most computer systems, servers, and critical machinery.
Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations
- Converting Power for EVs: With the rise of electric vehicles, inverters play a key role in EV charging stations, converting grid power into the appropriate form for EV batteries.
Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)
- Motor Speed Control: In industrial applications, inverters are used in VFDs to control the speed of electric motors by varying the frequency of the supplied power. This is crucial in processes where motor speeds need precise control, such as in conveyor systems, pumps, and fans.
Portable Power Solutions
- Mobile Applications: Inverters enable the use of standard AC-powered tools and equipment in locations where only battery or DC power is available. This is particularly useful in construction sites, mobile medical units, or any remote location.
Data Centers
- Protecting Sensitive Equipment: In data centres, inverters in UPS systems ensure that servers and networking equipment remain operational and protected from power surges or interruptions.
Regulations and standards that apply to inverters
In the UK, the installation and operation of inverters, particularly those used in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and other renewable energy installations, are governed by a range of regulations and standards.
These regulations ensure that inverters are safely installed and operated and that they interact correctly with the national grid.
Key regulations include:
1. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
- These regulations are crucial for ensuring that all electrical systems, including inverters, are safe to use and do not pose a risk to people working with or around them. They require systems to be constructed, maintained, and operated in a way that prevents danger.
2. BS EN 62477-1 Safety Requirements
- BS EN 62477-1:2012 Safety requirements for power electronic converter systems and equipment. This is a standard for safety requirements for power electronic converter systems and equipment. It includes requirements for inverters and is essential for ensuring that they are manufactured to safe specifications.
3. Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS)
- Although not a regulation per se, the MCS sets industry standards for the installation of microgeneration technologies, including solar PV systems. For inverters used in solar installations, MCS standards ensure that they are installed correctly and are suitable for use in the UK.
4. BS EN 50549 Requirements for Generating Plants
- These standards (BS EN 50549-2:2019 Requirements for generating plants to be connected in parallel with distribution networks – Connection to a MV distribution network. Generating plants up to and including Type B) apply to the requirements for grid connection of generating plants, including those with inverters. They cover aspects like frequency and voltage control, reactive power capability, and the behaviour during grid disturbances.
5. The Distribution Code and G99 Engineering Recommendations
- The Distribution Code governs the connection of installations to the UK’s electricity distribution networks. G99 Engineering Recommendations provide specific technical requirements for connecting generation equipment, including inverter-based systems, to the distribution network.
6. Building Regulations Part P
- This part of the building regulations covers the safety of electrical installations in dwellings, including those with inverters, particularly in solar PV installations.
Compliance with these regulations and standards is essential not only for legal compliance but also for the safety and efficiency of inverter-based systems.
They ensure that inverters do not adversely affect the local grid and that they operate safely under all conditions. For anyone installing or using an inverter in the UK, understanding and adhering to these regulations is a key part of responsible and safe operation.
Conclusion
Inverters are vital components in a wide range of commercial and industrial applications, bridging the gap between DC power sources and AC electrical systems.
They are pivotal in ensuring that renewable energy sources can be integrated into existing power grids, providing critical backup power, and enabling precise control over industrial processes.
The versatility and importance of inverters in modern electrical infrastructure cannot be overstated, as they continue to support and enhance the efficiency and reliability of commercial and industrial operations.